P21

✓Key benefits

📈What to expect

Based on community reports and published research. Individual results vary significantly.

💊Dosing protocols

Dosing information is sourced from published research and community protocols. This is not a recommendation. Consult a healthcare professional.

Overview

P21 was developed by Khalid Iqbal's group at the New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities. It is derived from the active region of CNTF (ciliary neurotrophic factor), a neurotrophin that supports neuron survival but cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. P21 was engineered to retain CNTF's neurotrophic properties in a small molecule that can reach the brain after peripheral administration. In Alzheimer's disease mouse models, P21 treatment increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus, reduced tau phosphorylation, and improved learning and memory.

⚙️How it works

P21 enhances BDNF expression and promotes neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. It also inhibits leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signalling, which reduces neuroinflammation. By promoting new neuron formation and reducing inflammatory damage, P21 improves synaptic plasticity and cognitive function in animal models. It also reduces hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, a hallmark of Alzheimer's pathology.

⚡Side effects

📅Research history

References

1. [1]Bolognin S, et al. 'An experimental rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease and rescue of cognitive impairment with a neurotrophic peptide.' Acta Neuropathologica, 2012.
2. [2]Kazim SF, Iqbal K. 'Neurotrophic factor small-molecule mimetics mediated neuroregeneration and synaptic repair.' Molecular Psychiatry, 2022.

Frequently asked questions

Related peptides